Multi vs Single-agent: Navigating the Realities of Agentic Systems

In March 2025, UC Berkeley released a paper that, IMO, has not been circulated enough. But first, let’s go back to 2024. Everyone was building their first agentic system. I did. You probably did too.

We defined the systems into different maturity levels

Level 1: Knowledge Retrieval - The system queries knowledge sources to fulfill its purpose, but does not perform workflows or tool execution.

Level 2: Workflow Routing - The system follows predefined LLM routing logic to run simple workflows, including tool execution and knowledge retrieval.

Level 3: Tool Selection Agent - The agent chooses and executes tools from an available portfolio according to specific instructions.

Level 4: Multi-Step Agent - The agent combines tools and multi-step workflows based on context and can act autonomously on its judgment.

Level 5: Multi-Agent Orchestrator - The agents independently determine workflows and flexibly invoke other agents to accomplish their purpose.

You might have seen different lists, yet I bet that no matter how many others you have seen, there is a common element: they all depict a multi-agent system as the highest level of sophistication. This approach promises better results through specialization and collaboration.

The elegant theory of multi-agent systems

The multi-agent collaboration model offers several theoretically compelling advantages over single-agent approaches:

Specialization and Expertise: Each agent can be tailored to a specific domain or subtask, leveraging unique strengths. One agent might excel at generating code while another specializes in testing or reviewing it.

Distributed Problem-Solving: Complex tasks can be broken into smaller, manageable pieces that agents tackle in parallel or sequence. By splitting a problem (e.g., travel planning into weather checking, hotel search, route optimization), the system can solve parts independently and more efficiently.

Built-in Error Correction: Multiple agents provide a form of cross-checking. If one agent produces a faulty output, a supervisor or peer agent might detect and correct it, improving reliability.

Scalability and Extensibility: As problem scope grows, it's often easier to add new specialized agents than to retrain or overly complicate a single agent.

The theory maps beautifully to how we understand human teams work: specialized individuals collaborating under coordination often outperform even the most talented generalist. It is every tech CEO’s wet dream: your agent talks to my agents and figures out what to do.

This model has shown remarkable success in some industrial-scale applications:

• Autonomous drone swarms
• NASA free-flying spacecraft inspectors
• Bosch connected factories
• Amazon fulfillment centers

Then March 2025 landed with a thud!

The Berkeley reality check

A Berkeley-led team assessed the stage of current multi-agent system implementation. They ran seven popular multi-agent systems across over 200 tasks, and identified 14 unique failure modes organized into three categories:

The paper Why Do Multi-Agent LLM Systems Fail? showed that some state-of-the-art systems achieved only 33.33% correctness on seemingly straightforward tasks like implementing Tic-Tac-Toe or Chess games. For AI, this is the equivalent of getting an F.

The paper provides empirical evidence for what many of us have experienced: today's multi-agent implementation is hard. We can’t seem to fulfill the elegant theory outside a demo, with many failures stemming from coordination and communication issues rather than limitations in the underlying LLMs themselves. And if I didn’t make the table above myself, I would think it was a summary of my university assignments.

The disconnection between PR and reality

Looking back, it's easy to see how the industry became so enthusiastic about multi-agent approaches:

1. Big-cloud benchmarks looked impressive. AWS reported that letting Bedrock agents cooperate raised "marked improvements" in internal task-success and accuracy metrics for complex workflows. I am sure AWS has no hidden agenda here. It is not like they are in a race with anyone, right? Right?
2. Flagship research prototypes beat single LLMs on niche benchmarks. HuggingGPT and ChatDev each reported better aggregate scores than a single GPT-4 baseline on their chosen tasks. In the same way the show Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader works. But to be frank, the same argument can be used for the Berkeley paper.
3. Thought-leaders said the same. Andrew Ng's 2024 "Agentic Design Patterns" talks frame multi-agent collaboration as the pattern that "often beats one big agent" on hard problems.
4. An analogy we intuitively get. Divide-and-conquer, role specialization, debate for error-catching — all map neatly onto LLM quirks (limited context, hallucinations, etc.). But just with humans, coordination overhead grows exponentially with agent count.
5. Early adopters were vocal. Start-ups demoed agent-teams creating slide decks, marketing campaigns, and code bases - with little visible human help - which looked like higher autonomy. Till reality’s ugly little details turn this bed of roses into a can of worms.

The Berkeley paper exposed these challenges, but it also pointed toward potential solutions.

Enter A2A: Plumbing made easy

Google's Agent-to-Agent (A2A) protocol arrived in April 2025 with backing from more than 50 launch partners, including Salesforce, Atlassian, LangChain, and MongoDB. While the spec is still a draft, the participation signal is strong: the industry finally has a common transport, discovery, and task-lifecycle layer for autonomous agents.

A2A directly targets 03 of the 14 failure modes identified in the Berkeley audit:

1. Role/Specification Issues - By standardizing the agent registry, A2A creates clear declarations of capabilities, skills, and endpoints. This addresses failures to follow task requirements and agent roles.
2. Context Loss Problems - A2A's message chunking and streaming prevent critical information from being lost during handoffs.
3. Communication Infrastructure - The HTTP + JSON-RPC/SSE protocol with a canonical task lifecycle provides consistent, reliable agent communication.

Several vendors have begun piloting A2A implementations, with promising but still preliminary results. However, it's important to note that quantitative proof remains scarce. None of these vendors has released side-by-side benchmark tables yet—only directional statements or blog interviews. Google's own launch blog shows a candidate-sourcing workflow where one agent hires multiple remote agents, but provides no timing or accuracy metrics. I won’t include names here because I believe we have established earlier that vendor tests can be unpublished, cherry-picked and may have included proprietary orchestration code.

In other words, A2A to agents is like what MCP to tool uses today. And just as supporting MCP doesn’t make the code of your tools better, A2A doesn’t make agents smarter.

What A2A Doesn't Solve

While something like A2A will fix the failures stemming from the lack of a protocol, it cannot fix issues that do not share the same root cause.

• LLM-inherent limitations - Individual agent hallucinations, reasoning errors, and misunderstandings. Just LLM being LLM.
• Verification gaps - The lack of formal verification procedures, cross-checking mechanisms, or voting systems. Without verification, you're essentially trusting an AI that thinks 2+2=5 to check the math of another AI that thinks 2+2=banana.
• Orchestration intelligence - The supervisory logic for retry strategies, error recovery, and termination decisions. Just the other day, Claude was downloading my blog posts, hit a token limit, tried to repeat, continued to hit the token limit, and looped forever.

Those are 11 out of 14 failure modes. These areas require additional innovation beyond standardized communication protocols. Better verification agents, formal verification systems, or improved orchestration frameworks will be needed to address these challenges. I would love to go deeper into the innovation layers required to solve the “cognitive” failure of multi-agent models in another post.

Conclusion

Multi-agent systems are not the universal solution for today’s problem (yet). Many are here and working, but only at a scale where no single-agent approach can reach. These multi-agent systems deliver potential benefits, but at a substantial cost, one that can easily exceed an organization's capacity to invest or find people with the relevant expertise.

Rather than viewing multi-agent as the holy grail to be sought at all costs, we should approach it with careful consideration—an option to explore when simpler approaches fail. The claimed benefits rarely justify the implementation complexity for most everyday use cases, particularly when a well-designed single-agent system with appropriate guardrails can deliver acceptable results at a fraction of the engineering complexity.

Still, the conversation of multi-agent systems will always be around, in increased frequency, especially in light of the arrival of protocols like A2A. MCP is still the hype now, organizations are busy integrating MCP servers and writing their own before turning their attention to the next big thing. A2A could be that. Better agent alignment could also be that. Or it requires a new cognitive paradigm to improve agents’ smartness. Things will take another 6 months to unfold, which is the amount of time since the MCP announcement.

Either way, what’s clear is that it is a long way for agentic systems to hit their theoretical performance plateau.

Finally, a break

Hi guys,

The news was out last Friday. I am going to leave Parcel Perform. 

For a sabbatical leave. Between May and October.

Sorry for the gasp. You come here for drama.

This has been planned since last year. I originally planned to leave soon after the 2024 BFCM, after the horizontal scalability of the system became a solved problem. I would like to say permanently, but I have learned that nothing ever is - the scalability, not me leaving for good. But then there were such and such issues with our data source (if you know, you know), and AI took the industry by storm. So I stayed. Eventually though, I knew I needed this break.

I have been on this job for almost 10 years. The first line of code was October 2015. I thought I would be done and move on in 5 years! I have been around longer than most furniture in the office and gone through 4 office changes. A decade is indeed a long time. It is a wet blanket that dampens any excitement and buzz that comes out of the work. Things get repetitive. Except for system incidents, I have lost count of how many ways things can combine to blow off. I praise every morning to wake up to no new alert.

When I was 23, I was fired from my job, and I was unemployed for 6 months. More like unemployable. It could have been longer had my savings not gone dry. I wrote, read, cooked, rode, swam, organized events, and lived a different life I didn't know I should. It was the time I needed to recover from depression. It was the best of my life. I want to experience that one more time.

Upon this news, I received some questions, the most common ones are below.

Why are you leaving now? Is something bad happening?

I am still the CTO of Parcel Perform, just on sabbatical leave. And on the contrary, I think this is a good window for me to take a break. The business is in its best shape since the painful layoff in 2022. We are positive about the future, we are actively expanding the team for the first time in 3 years. The Tech Hub, of which I am directly responsible, has demonstrated that in the face of unprecedented incidents, we are resilient, innovative, and get things done. With the multi-cluster architecture and other innovations, we won't face an existential scalability problem for a long time.

In the last 6 months, we have invested in incorporating GenAI into our product. I believe we have the right data, tech stack, and an experiment-focused process, though only time can tell. To be frank, all the fast-paced experiments we are doing, known internally as POC, reminded me of all the things I loved about working here in the early days. Ideas are discussed in a small circle, stretched on a whiteboard, implemented in less than a day, and repeated. It has been so fun recently that I got cold feet. Perhaps I shouldn't take this break yet. But I am not getting younger, I am getting married, and soon will start a family. I won't have time for myself in a long time. It has to be now.

What will you do during the break?

Oh wow I'm gonna play so much computer game, my brain rots. I have been a vivid fan of Age of Empires II since the time there was only one kid in my neighborhood with a computer good enough to play the game. I am an average player, slow even, so perhaps we are looking at more losses than wins. But hey, it builds character.

I will host board game nights here and there. It's another long-lasting hobby of mine, and a perfect social glue for my group of friends. While I am at that, I probably want to up my mocktail game too. My friends are largely in my age bracket, so for the same reasons above, my ultimate goal is to have more quality time.

As far as dopamine goes, that's it. I am not planning for retirement after all. Can't afford that yet.

To be frank, the pretext of this break is that I want to work on my sleep, which has been less than ideal for a long time. I couldn't figure out a single one thing that could improve my sleep so it is gonna be a total revamp. Distance from work. White bed sheet. Sleep hygiene. Gotta catch em all.

I am probably still awake more than 12 hours a day though. I will be reading as much as I can, fiction, non-fiction, and whatnot. Real life is crazy these days; the distinction is getting vague. There are some long Murakami novels I want to go through. I find that reading his works in one go, or at least with a minimal pause, offers the ideal immersive experience.

What I read, I write. I hope I can find an interesting topic to write every month. If you are keeping track, the last few days have been quite productive ;) I am starting my first subtrack AI Crossroads because that's how I feel these days: an important moment in my life, our lives, that I cannot afford to miss. I am excited and confused. I am sure somebody out there is feeling the same. 

And I will pick up Robotics as a new hobby. As GenAI gets "solved", its reach will not stop at the virtual world. Robotics seems to be the next logical frontier where a new generation of autonomous devices crops up and occupies our world. 

Writing about these things, I'm already pumped!

Who will replace your role?

The good thing about cooking up this plan from last year is that I have had plenty of time to arrange for my departure. The level of disruption should be minimal. People won't notice when I am gone and when I am back. Or so I hope.

There isn't a simple 1 to 1 replacement. Parcel Perform is not getting a new CTO, and there will still be a job for me when I am back. Or so I hope.

As a CTO, my work comes in 3 buckets: feature delivery, technical excellence, and AI research.

Feature delivery is where we have the most robust structure. Over the years, we have managed to find and grow a Head of Engineering and two Engineering Managers. The tribe-squad structure is stable. We are getting exponentially better at cross-squad collaboration as well as reorganization. There is a handful of external support ranging from QA, infrastructure, to data and insight to ensure the troops have the oophm they need to crush down deliveries.

Technical excellence means making sure Parcel Perform tech stack stays relevant for the next 5 years. This is an increasingly ambitious goal. Our tech stack is no longer a single web server. The team is growing. The world is moving faster. But we have 4 extremely bright Staff Engineers. They each have spent years at the organization, are widely regarded for the depth of their technical knowledge, and are definitely better than me on my best day in their field of expertise. We have spent the last couple of months aligning their goals with the needs of Parcel Perform. The alignment is at its strongest point ever since we adopted a goal-oriented performance review system.

Lastly, AI research is the preparation of the organization for the AI future, across technologies, processes, and strategic values. While I will continue the research in my own time, there is now a dedicated AI team that has been made the center of Parcel Perform's AI movement. Despite the humble beginning, the team is 2x their size in the coming months and won't let us "go gentle into that good night" that is our post-apocalyptic lives with the AI overlords.

I think we are in good hands.

What will you do when you come back?

Honest answer, I don't know.

Also honest answer, I don't think it gonna be the same as what I am doing today. Sure, some aspects gonna be the same. 5 months isn't that long. Neither is it short. The organization will continue to grow and evolve to meet the demand of the market, the gap I leave will be filled. When I am back, the organization will undoubtedly be different from what it is today. I will have to relearn how to operate effectively again. I will need to identify the overlap between my interests, my abilities, and the needs of the new Parcel Perform. 

Final honest answer, I am anxious for that future, and it is the best part.

AI is an insult to life itself. Or is it?

The Quote That's Suddenly Everywhere

"AI is an insult to life itself."

I only stumbled across this quote a couple of months ago, attributed to Hayao Miyazaki - the man behind the famed Studio Ghibli. Since then, I've noticed it's literally everywhere, particularly as we speak, there's a massive trend of people using ChatGPT and other image generators to create pictures in the distinctive Ghibli aesthetic. My social feeds are flooded with AI-crafted images of ordinary scenes transformed with that unmistakable Ghibli magic - the soft lighting, the whimsical elements, the characteristic designs, the stuff of my childhood. You know what, I am not good with this kind of words. Here is one from your truly.

The trend has brought Mr Miyazaki's quote back into the spotlight, wielded as a battle cry against this specific type of AI creation. There's just one small problem - this quote is being horribly misused.

I got curious about the context (because apparently I have nothing better to do than fact-check AI quotes when I should be testing that MCP server), so I dug deeper. Turns out, Mr Miyazaki wasn't condemning all artificial intelligence. He was reacting to a specific demonstration in 2016 where researchers showed him an AI program that had created a disturbing, headless humanoid figure that crawled across the ground like something straight out of a horror movie. For God's sake, the animation reminded him of a disabled friend who couldn't move freely. Yeah, I quite agree, that was the stuff of visceral nightmare.

Src: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngZ0K3lWKRc&t=3s

It's also worth noting that the AI Mr Miyazaki was shown in 2016 was primitive compared to today's models like ChatGPT, Claude, or Midjourney. We have no idea how he might react to the current generation of AI systems that can create stunningly convincing Ghibli-style imagery. His reaction to that zombie-like figure doesn't necessarily tell us what he'd think about today's much more advanced and coherent AI creations. Yet the quote lives on, stripped of this crucial context, repurposed as a condescending umbrella on all generative AI.

The Eerie Valley of AI Art

Here's where it gets complicated for me. When I look at these AI-generated Ghibli scenes, they instantly evoke powerful emotions - nostalgia, wonder, warmth - all the feelings I've associated with films like "Spirited Away" or "Princess Mononoke" over years of watching them (for what it's worth, not a big fan of Totoro, it's ok). The visual language of Ghibli taps directly into something deep and meaningful in my experience.

That is what art does. That is what magic does. But this is not, isn't it? These mass-produced imitations feel like they're borrowing those emotions without earning them. I feel an unsettling hollowness to the "art" - like hearing your mother's voice coming from a stranger. The signal is correct, but the source feels wrong.

I'm confronted with a puzzling contradiction: if a human artist were to draw in the Ghibli style (and many talented illustrators do), I wouldn't feel nearly the same unease. Fan art is celebrated, artistic influence is natural, and learning by imitation is as old as art itself. So why does the AI version feel different?

So while the quote is misused, I wonder if Mr Miyazaki's statement might contain an insight that applies here too. These AI creations, in their skillful but soulless imitation, do feel like a kind of insult, not to life itself perhaps, but to the deep human relationship between artist, art, and audience that developed organically over decades.

The Other Side

As a human, I consume AI features. Yet as an engineer, I build AI features. And there is another side to this.

You probably have heard it. Every time on the Internet there is a complaint that the US' gun culture is a nut case, there is a voice from a dark and forgotten 4chan corner screaming back "A gun is just a tool. A gun does not kill people. People do. And if you take the gun away, they will find something else anyway".

But this argument increasingly fails to capture the reality of AI image generators. These systems aren't neutral tools - they've been trained on massive datasets of human art, often without explicit permission from the artists. When I prompt an AI to create "art in Ghibli style," I'm not merely using a neutral tool - I'm activating a complex system that has analyzed and learned from thousands of frames created by Studio Ghibli artists.

This is fundamentally different from a human artist studying and being influenced by Mr Miyazaki's work. The human artist brings their own lived experience, makes conscious choices about what to incorporate, and adds their unique perspective. The AI system statistically aggregates patterns at a scale no human could match, without discernment, attribution, or compensation.

I've built enough software systems to know that complexity breeds emergence. When algorithms make thousands or millions of decisions across vast datasets, the traditional model of direct human control becomes more of a fiction than a reality. You can't just look at the code and know exactly what it will do in every situation. Trust me, I've tried to "study" deep learning.

Perhaps most significantly, as these systems advance, the distance between the creator's intentions and the system's outputs grows. The developers at OpenAI didn't specifically write code that says "here's exactly how to draw a flattering image of a dude taking note on a motorcycle" - they created a system that learned from millions of images, and now it can generate Ghibli-style art that no human specifically programmed it to make. These AI systems develop abilities their creators didn't directly put there and often can't fully predict. This expanding gap between intention and outcome makes the "tools are neutral" argument increasingly unsatisfying.

This isn't to say humans have lost control entirely. Through system design, regulation, and deployment choices, we retain significant influence. But the "tools are neutral" framing no longer adequately captures the complex, bidirectional relationship between humans and increasingly sophisticated AI.

Why We Can't Resist Oversimplification

So far, there are two camps. The "AI is an insult" reflects people whose work and lives are negatively impacted. And the "Tools are neutral" defends AI creators. I tried, but I am sure I have done a less-than-stellar job capturing the thought processes from both camps. Still, as poorly as it is, it feels fairly complex. This complexity is exactly why we humans lean toward simplified narratives like "AI is an insult to life itself" or "It's just a tool like any other." The reality is messy, contradictory, and doesn't fit neatly into either camp.

Humans are notoriously lazy thinkers. I know I am. Give me a simple explanation over a complex one any day of the week. My brain has enough to worry about with keeping our production systems alive. I've reached the point where I celebrate every morning that the #system-alert-critical channel has no new message.

This pattern repeats throughout history. Complex truths get routinely reduced to easily digestible (and often wrong) summaries. Darwin's nuanced theory of evolution became "survival of the fittest." Einstein's revolutionary relativity equations became "everything is relative." Nietzsche's exploration of morality became "God is dead." In each case, profound ideas were flattened into bumper sticker slogans that lost the original meaning. Make good YouTube thumbnails though.

This happens because complexity requires effort. Our brains, evolved for quick decision-making in simpler environments (like not getting eaten by tigers), naturally gravitate toward cognitive shortcuts. A single authoritative quote from someone like Mr Miyazaki provides an easy way to validate existing beliefs without engaging with the messier reality.

There's also power in simple narratives. "AI threatens human creativity" creates a clear villain and a straightforward moral framework. It's far more emotionally satisfying than grappling with the ambiguous benefits and risks of a transformative technology. I get it - it's much easier to be either terrified of AI or blindly optimistic about it than to sit with the uncertainty.

I am afraid that in the coming weeks and months, we cannot afford such simplification.

The choice we have to make

Young technologists today (myself included) find ourselves in an extraordinary position. We're both consumers of AI tools created by others and creators of systems that will be used by countless others. We stand at the edge of perhaps the most transformative wave of innovation in human history, with the collective power to influence how this technology shapes our future and the future of our children. FWIW, I don't have a child yet, I like to think I will.

The questions raised by AI-generated Ghibli art - about originality, attribution, the value of human craft, the economics of creation - aren't going away. They'll only become more urgent as these systems improve and proliferate.

The longer I work in tech, the more I realize that the most important innovations aren't purely technical - they're sociotechnical. Building AI systems that benefit humanity requires more than clever algorithms; it requires thoughtful consideration of how these systems integrate with human values and creative traditions.

For those of us in this pivotal position, neither absolute rejection nor blind embrace provides adequate guidance. We will need to navigate through this, hopefully with better clarity than Christopher Columbus when he "lost" his way to discovering America. My CEO made me read AI-2027 - there is a scenario where humans fail to align AI superintelligence and get wiped out. Brave new world.

1. Embrace Intentional Design and Shared Responsibility

We need to be deliberate about what values and constraints we build into creative AI systems, considering not just what they can do, but what they should do. This might mean designing systems that explicitly credit their influences, or that direct compensation to original creators whose styles have been learned.

When my team started writing our first agent, we entirely focused on what was technically possible. Is this an agent or a workflow? Is this a tool call or a node in the graph? Long context or knowledge base? I know, technical gibberish. The point is, we will soon evolve past that learning curve, and what comes next is thinking through the implications.

2. Prioritize Augmentation Over Replacement

The most valuable AI applications enhance human creativity rather than simply mimicking or replacing it. We should seek opportunities to create tools that make artists more capable, not less necessary.

When I see the flood of AI-generated Ghibli art, I wonder if we're asking the right questions. The most exciting creative AI tools don't just imitate existing styles - they help artists discover new possibilities they wouldn't have found otherwise. The difference between a tool that helps you create and one that creates instead of you may seem subtle, but it's profound. 

I have been lucky enough to be part of meetings where the goal of AI agents is to free the human colleagues from boring, repetitive tasks. I sure hope that trajectory continues. Technology should serve human values, not the other way around.

3. Ensure Diverse Perspectives and Continuous Assessment

The perspectives that inform both the creation and governance of AI systems should reflect the diversity of populations affected by them. This is especially true for creative AI, where cultural context and artistic traditions vary enormously across different communities.

It's so easy to build for people in my immediate circle and call it a day. As an Asian, I see how AI systems trained predominantly on Western datasets create a distorted view of creativity and culture. Without clarification, a genAI model would assume I am a white male living in the US. Bias, prejudice, stereotype. We have seen this.

Finding My Way in the AI Landscape

The reality of our relationship with AI is beyond simple characterization. It is neither an existential threat to human creativity nor a neutral tool entirely under our control. It represents something new - a technology with growing capabilities that both reflects and reshapes our creative traditions.

Those Ghibli-style images generated by AI leave me with mixed feelings that I'm still sorting through. On one hand, I'm amazed by the technical achievement and can't deny the genuine emotions they evoke. On the other hand, I feel I am being conditioned to feel that way.

Perhaps this ambivalence is exactly where we need to be right now - neither rejecting the technology outright nor embracing it uncritically, but sitting with the discomfort of its complexity while we figure out how to move forward thoughtfully.

For our generation that will guide AI's development, the challenge is to move beyond reductive arguments. Neither blind techno-optimism nor reflexive technophobia will serve us well. Instead, we need the wisdom to recognize both the extraordinary potential and the legitimate concerns about these systems, and the courage to chart a course that honors what makes human creativity valuable in the first place.

---

This post was written with assistance from Claude, which felt a bit meta given the topic. They suggested a lot of the structure, but all the half-baked jokes and questionable analogies are mine alone. And it still took me a beautiful Saturday to pull everything together in my style.

MCP vs Agent

On 26th Nov 2024, Anthropic introduced the world to MCP - Model Context Protocol. Four months later, OpenAI announced the adoption of MCP across its products, making the protocol the de facto standard of the industry. Put it another way, a few months ago, we were figuring out when something is a workflow and when it is an agent (and we still are). Today, the question is how much MCP Kool-Aid we should drink.

What is MCP?

MCP is a standard to connect AI models and external data sources or tools. This allows models to integrate with external systems independently of platform and implementation. Before MCP, there is tool use, but the integration is platform-specific, be it LangChain, CrewAI, LlamaIndex, and whatnot. An MCP Postgres server, however, works with all platforms and applications supporting the protocol. MCP to AI is HTTP to the internet. I think so, I was a baby when HTTP was invented. 

I won't attempt to paraphrase the components of MCP; modelcontextprotocol.io is dedicated to that. Here is a quick screenshot.

If you have invested extensively in tool use, the rise of MCP doesn't necessarily mean that your system is obsolete. Mind you, tool use is probably still the most popular integration method out there today, and can be made MCP-compatible with a wrapper layer. Here is one from LangChain.

A system with both tool use and MCP looks something like this.

For a 4-month-old protocol, MCP is extremely promising, yet far from the silver bullet for all AI integration problems. The most noticeable problems MCP has not resolved are:

• Installation. MCP servers run on local machines and are meant for desktop use. While this is okay-ish for professional users, especially developers, it is unsuitable for casual use cases such as customer support.
• Security. This post describes "tool poisoning" and it is definitely not the last.
• Authorization. MCP's OAuth 2.1 adoption is a work in progress. OAuth 2.1 itself is still a draft.
• Official MCP Registry. As far as I know, there are attempts to collect MCP servers, they are all ad-hoc and incomplete, like this and this. The quality is hit and miss, official MCP servers tend to fare better than community ones.
• Lack of features. Streaming support, stateless connection, proactive server behavior, to name a few.

None of these problems indicates a fundamental flaw of MCP and in time all will be fixed. As with any emerging technology, it is good to be optimistically cautious when dealing with these hiccups.

MCP in SaaS

I work at a SaaS company, building applications with AI interfaces. I was initially confused by the distinction between agent and MCP. Comparing agent to MCP is apple to orange, I know. MCP is more on par with tool use (on steroids). Yet the comparison makes sense in this context: if I only have so many hours to build assistance features for our Customer Support staff, should I build a proprietary agent or an MCP server connecting to, say, Claude Desktop App, assuming both get the work done? Perhaps at this point, it is also worth noting that I believe office workers in the future will spend as much time on AI clients like Claude or ChatGPT as they do on browsers today. If not more. Because the AI overlord doesn't sleep and neither will you!

Though I ranted about today's limitation of MCP, the advantages are appealing. Established MCP clients, like Claude Desktop App, handle gnarly engineering challenges such as output token pagination, human-in-the-loop, or rich content processing with satisfying UX. More importantly, a user can install multiple MCP servers on their device, both in-house and open-sourced, which opens up various workflow automation possibilities.

When I build agents, I noticed that a considerable amount of time went to plumbing - overhead tasks required to get an agent up and running. It couldn't be overcome with better boilerplate code, but still... An agent is also a closed environment where any non-trivial (and sometimes trivial) changes require code modification and deployment. The usability is limited to what the agent's builder provides. And the promise of multi-agent collaboration, even though compelling, has not quite been delivered yet. Finally, an agent is as smart as the system prompts it was given. Bad prompts, like the ones made by yours truly, can make an agent perform far worse than the Claude Desktop App.

Then why are agents not yesternews yet? As far as I know, implementing an agent is the only method that provides full behavior control. Tool call (even via MCP) in an agent is deterministic, and everything related to agent reasoning can be logged and monitored. Claude Desktop App, as awesome as it is, offers little explanation of why it does what it does (though that too can be changed in the future). Drinking too much MCP Kool-Aid could also mean giving too much control of the system to third-party components - the MCP clients - and can lead to an existential threat.   

Conclusion

The rise of MCP is certain. Just as MCP clients might replace browsers as the most important productivity tool, at some point, vendors might cease asking for APIs and seek MCP integration instead. Yet it will not be a binary choice between MCP servers and agents. Each offers distinct advantages for different use cases.

• MCP allows cooperating a large number of tools, making it suitable for internal dog flooding and fast exploration. MCP would also see more adoption among professional users than casual ones.
• Agents being more controlled, tamed, and preferably well tested would be the default choice for customer-facing applications.

Within a year, we'll likely see a hybrid system where MCP and agent-based approaches coexist. Of course, innovations such as AGI or MCP going beyond its initial local and desktop use can change this balance. There is no point in predicting long-term future at this point.

The Book Series - Management 3.0

* Management 1.0 is traditional top-down decision-making.

* Management 2.0 improves upon traditional management with agile principles adoption and continuous improvement.

That, ladies and gentlemen, is the summary I never remember when I think of this book. 

I love this book. Jurgen Appelo is a great speaker and a greater writer. He is characteristically blunt. One of the chapters goes along the lines of: a manager delegates to his team members is not an art of altruism, he does it so that he has the time to do things he wants to - and proceed to retreat to his ivory tower. , Though he probably would prefer "Dutch frankness" instead. He tells jokes with an emotionless straight face. My kind of joke.

Management 3.0 laid out a complete framework to revamp leadership. There were 5-6 principles built around some other theories, like complexity, game, and network. There is more to that half-ass summary, the details are just a Google away if you are interested. What makes this book unique to me is actually the discussion of management theories before diving into good/bad practices. Each principle is split into two chapters, one on the theory and the other on the execution. Other works in this genre tend to be more dogmatic if I could say so.

 

I am no expert in complexity science. There is a non-zero chance all this theory inclusion is pseudo-science. But I like the attempt and pseudo or not, there is a framework to cling to when in doubt. And there will be a lot of doubts. Management-books-praise-human-ability-to-self-organize-but-that-doesn't-seem-to-cover-my-staff-inertia-to-stay-put kind of doubt. To be frank, the stark contrast between fiction and non-fiction typically comes with management literature exists here as well. There is no unicorn.

Management 3.0 since its debut a decade ago has exploded in popularity though. There are training courses, consultant programs, and god damned certifications. It is going down the dark commercial beaten path all so well-known Agile has trodden before. And that dented my heart a bit. But hey one can only retreat to his ivory tower with a fat bank account.

I still think you should give it a try though.

The sun has set on MultiUni

Facebook will shut down the MultiUni page in a few days due to inactivity. That is generous because I don't think anything of value was posted to the page in the last decade. MultiUni ceased to exist long before this day, like my social life.

MultiUni was founded in 2009 by Huy Zing. Huy was my lecturer at RMIT. He understood the hurdles one had to jump through to open a course in an institute like a university because he had never succeeded in doing so. And he understood that formal education was not suitable for everyone because he was more of a software engineer than a lecturer. I assisted in a couple of courses. Though I have never seen a mission statement of MultiUni but if there was, it probably read like this: to bring the latest and most important technology courses to as many people in the local community as possible. We did exclusively in-person classes. We also did it for free. Pretty sure that was why I ended up writing this sunset post.

Free in-person tech courses. That might sound like a strange idea today but the world was also stranger back then. Open courses from the likes of MIT, Stanford, or Harvard were still in the infant stage. Coursera was not founded until 3 years later in 2012. English was a bigger barrier than it is today. Not everyone was social media native, I remember we had to discuss whether MultiUni on Facebook, yeah the one being shut down, should be a page or a group.

The first course was #iphonedev. The app store debuted the year before and mobile app development was all the rage. There was no iOS, only iPhone. There was no Swift, only ObjectiveC. There were few Macs, but plenty of hackintosh wannabes. Huy taught this class himself. Phu and I were his assistants. We would read the material the week before, do the exercise, internalize it, and bring it to the class the week after. Well, at least ideally. There were times we started reading the material in the morning of the evening class. I met Kien in that class who eventually ended up becoming a mobile developer for no less than Google Singapore.

The second course was probably an Android one. It felt like a compulsory follow-up to the iPhone course. The Yin and the Yang. Probably, because I didn't stand that class. Huy met Binh online, whom I was told was among the first self-taught Android developers in Saigon those days, and convinced Binh a community course was the next best thing he could do. Binh went on and hit many high notes in his career, Huy was probably right.

Then my memory got blurry. School got crazier. I ran my own club. Huy returned to the US at some point. Between here and there there might be a couple more courses but I couldn't really tell. In 2012, Phu and I (and many others) graduated and both worked at Cogini Inc. We thought it would be cool to bring the course back, so we made Web Tech 141. It was a 5-week course where each week we went through one web framework in a different programming language. PHP. Java. Roby. Python. I couldn't recall the last one for the sake of my life. Must be something not great. Erlang perhaps? I met An in that class, he is in the US now. And that was the last of it. 2012 was the year of Coursera, Khan Academy, and many more. Virtually every university worth its salt published its courses' recordings and material online. MultiUni sits in a corner of my profile to this day though I don't know how many still remember it.

The timing of this sunset is uncanny. Mobile development took the world by storm. It indeed changed the world in many ways better than Blockchain would ever do. Today GenAI is making a storm 10x the size. Vietnam in the late 2000s had a shortage of training materials and exposure. People shared what they knew more... primitively, for lack of a better word. What I meant was the organization was stretchy, and the presentation was dull even by the standard back then. Yet there was no hidden agenda, there were definitely personal interests but rarely a monetary one, and attempts to spread knowledge seemed genuine. Today, if someone puts a tutorial or a course online for free, you better check if it is to hype up a particular technology, an attempt to demonstrate the influence of a person in his/her little bubble of the Internet, or a demo version of consultancy or paid courses. Speaking of paid courses, MOOCs enable training on virtually any topic one can think of, good or bad. In fact, because it is easier to make bad content rather than good one, MOOCs are diamonds mixed in land mines. There are more hidden agendas. Or it could be that the world has always been like that, the people have always been like that, I was just naive. I wouldn't disagree, I was technically a teenager in the first MultiUni class, what did I know. And I would never know. No one baths in the same river twice. MultiUni is an obsolete invention, a stepping stone no longer needed by its environment, and a cache of fond memories in my coming-of-age journey.

I dug this logo up from a slide. That is everything I have left. 

P/S introducing Huy as one of my lecturers doesn't do him justice. Huy taught me a mere course out of 24 or so courses at RMIT. But he gave me my first job, exposed me and a bunch of others in my generation to the infectious Silicon Valley startup mindset, and started MultiUni and Barcamp Saigon both of which I ran for a while. Who I am today is the realization of the vision given by Huy in those early days. For this, I am forever grateful.

2024 - Life could be so hard sometimes

Takuji Ichikawa wrote something along the lines that writing a novel is like crying. Putting words down is akin to when tears are visible. By then it is a done deal. The heavy lifting is the process leading to the first drop. Tidal waves of emotion, kicks in the stomach, and even punches in the face, hopefully figuratively, are at work for that moment. It is magical and it is despair. All that time, the manifestation is invisible. I didn't talk much about it, nor write, yet more than half of January has gone through and I am still figuring out what to make of the last year. In the recent couple of years, I have felt attuned to the rhythm of the world, from a faraway war to the rise of temperature to a drop in interest rate. 2024 is so personal.

Photos were taken

In my younger years, I used to be a vivid amateur photographer. I liked it quite a lot. The hobby made me look at life through a different lens ;) Time flew slower. Locations were canvas. The next subject would be just around the next turn. Really, as a bachelor, that was the best reason to drag myself out of the house and to all the weird corners. Yet one thing and another, the lockdown flipped everything off, the joy faded, the places turned dull. Then the camera died 2 years ago. Well not exactly, only LCD died turning the thing into a decade-old Kodak. I would know what photos I took if I could find a computer. I obviously didn't sign up for the film camp.

At some point, Vy had this wild idea: let's take our own pre-wedding photos. It sorta made sense, we travel relatively regularly, and we don't think the wedding is the biggest thing in life, it just has to be fun, as long as the photos are in focus we can make them work. Little did we know, taking any couple photos that were not selfies was such a pain in the ass. We were out of frame, out of focus, and out of place. That lasted for exactly one trip, to Kota Kinabalu.

After the ordeal though, I netted a massive win: a new camera. How I took photos had changed. I was no longer the guy wandering the street, I commuted and I picked up my fiance from... places. I am horrible at taking portraits, which are the majority of my photos now. My everyday life is not scenic, it is mundane. It only takes a spider to make my morning excited these days. That sounds bad, I swear I am not that boring. Anyway, a new toy is never a bad idea amirite?

Trees were murdered in mass

Ok it is not that bad. I absolutely positively killed more trees than I grew though. What started as a way to put a breath of life into the new place eventually grew on me ;) Checking on the green minions is how my day starts and ends. I have growth lights in my place, does that mean I live in a greenhouse? I am impatient by nature, my favorite moment of getting things done is the day before. Naturally, I poked around too much, fertilized too generously, and pruned too often. I am glad I didn't get a dog or a cat. Trees don't scream bwahaha. 

Through a process of forceful natural selection, the ones I have left are quite robust. I can leave a week or two without them missing me much. It took two years to settle in, I am done with modifying the look of the apartment. Technically, the murphy bed doesn't see much use and I can totally easily make it a splendid aquarium... Perhaps another time.

    

GenAI is taking over the world

2024 could have been just another year of the post-COVID world with all of the usual trivialities. We had some good hires, made a bad promotion, and got ghosted by interview candidates quite often. We put Parcel Perform on a multi-cluster architecture, fear of scalability is a thing of the past. That was a big win for us, but all of that was quickly outshined by the presence of GenAI in every corner of the industry. Many have written about the seemingly sudden rise of the AI overlord, I know you know mine is not that kind of blog post.

At the beginning of the year, we made a modest investment by providing each developer with a GitHub Copilot account. However, this initiative didn't truly pick up steam until the latter half of the year. The GenAI wave has two main facets: utilizing it in daily tasks and integrating generative features into our software.

First we got everyone drunk with the AI Kool-Aid. We ditched GitHub Copilot with Cursor and one of those design-to-code tools. I am not trying to be cryptic here, design-to-code is just all over the place at the moment with a good tool turning into garbage after a single version upgrade. Still waiting for a good Figma plugin to stop this madness. Next, we paired everyone with one of the GenAI chatbots of their choice. Everyone then was asked to automate an aspect of their work with the new pet. Heck one tried to get suggestion for k8s deployment's allocated resources. Finally, to put things on hyperdrive, we made concentrated investments that involved the whole team and made a major change: code-to-doc so our doc stops getting out of date the moment it is released, end-to-end automation of partner integration (finger cross the API doc is readable), code review companion built right in Gitlab, and some more. Once the ball rolled, it kept rolling.

Making GenAI features started later, and it was more of a full-body experience. I found making agents a practice of chaos and order. On one hand, there were so many know-how questions at the beginning. Is a knowledge base better than long context? When is a function a tool and what is it a node on a graph? Are real estate agents human or AI? On the other hand, it is still writing code, it is still software engineering. Although the learning curve is steep, it is somewhat defined (and padded with deprecated doc, looking at you LangChain). What can be learned will be learned and when the dust settles, the ones who lose are those with bad ideas. Bad ideas are gimmicks, forcing people into a conversational nondeterministic interface where traditional text and button work just as well if not better. Bad ideas focus on only making the tools but neglect the importance of data quality. Bad ideas fail to tap into the protective moat, the unfair advantages companies accommodated in their lifetime - they got reduced to beginners and beaten by other younger and faster beginners. I found a combination of everything-go hackathons and iterative agile processes worked pretty well. The space needs to be explored (hackathon), and the adventurers need to be questioned if they are heading in a desirable direction (iterations).

The thought of GenAI beyond the work at Parcel Perform though is where I found and still find myself in a predicament. GenAI is pushing an overloaded workforce into yet another fever. You probably have heard AI won't replace humans but humans with AI will replace those without. In Vietnam, for the first time in forever, the salary of junior dipped but that of managers increased. I am not convinced 2025 would be better. People haven't had the time to ask can my biology brain keep up, Big tech CEOs have already voiced about the replacement of human in the workforce with non-real-estate agents. I don't know if the comparison to the industry evolution makes sense. The machines then needed human to operate, the machines now need human to stay out of their way. We as a species have never showed a good track record of massively upskilling all of its members, let alone doing it continuously because do you think AI would stop learning? The US shifted manufacturing work overseas and failed to upskill its people is why we have Donald Trump as the supreme leader. Other than Bhutan, no country is at the luxury of constraining AI growth because countries with AI will replace those without. The UN has miserably failed at the one reason of its existence: uniting countries. If we can't agree on climate change (of which 2024 was extreme), what is the odd we share the same view on AI? Man, it's hard to sleep sometimes.

Then things go south.

A lost cousin

I am not a big fan of the word "cousin". Growing up with other kids of the same generation in the family, I have always seen them as "siblings". When I was in elementary, it took effort to internalize the difference. I was closer to a particular cousin than I could ever be with my brother. He was only a year older than me. He is no more.

Growing up, we were inseparable yet in our teens our paths diverted. I was a timid obedient nerd, he was a charming energetic cool kid. Things outside of school were more appealing to him, things that were more mature than our ages then. He dropped out, then got back in school a couple of times till high school was over. To my knowledge, he didn't have jobs but many temporary gigs. He got full-body tattoos, divorced, and was an alcoholic. To be frank, I don't know in which order, I was busy figuring out my life. We met from time to time and felt an unbridgeable gap between us.

One day, after watching a midnight football match, he went to sleep and had a stroke in the wee hours. The family rushed him to hospital but by then there was blood all over his brain. I flew in a couple of hours later, enough time to witness the doctors giving up on my cousin. We took him home on an ambulance ride. I was in the back squeezing a manual resuscitator. At home, we worked in shifts, trying to keep him comfortable, at least to the best of our knowledge, he was never conscious. It was hard to sleep though, so the 8-hour shifts morphed into an endless streak of time till the sleep took over. It still took 3 more days till his light went out. Then there was a funeral, as usual.

Our lives were different only by a few coin tosses of life that I felt as if I watched my life pass by through a mirror. It was the kind of reflection that rocked my core. He passed away in June and my memory of July was just the color of black. My cousin left Earth a memento, a tween boy who is smart, timid, and might as well be on a spectrum of autism. He is in so many ways different from both his late father and myself yet so full of potential for greatness, the kind of potential that could wither in the wrong environment. I wanted to stop that vicious circle of life. I am trying. At the same time, I am only in my 30s. I am ready for work. I never feel ready for life.

The burnt-out is here

For many years, I was the embodiment of gung ho at work. I was the first man to come in the time of trouble, and the last man out. I was a one-man on-call team for years before I was blessed with a talented team of DevOps. I made it a point that I never asked anyone to do anything I couldn't do myself. I have been like that for the last 10 years.

I tried to build capacity for the team in numerous topics, but in a startup, things you need to do crop up way faster than things you have figured out. Many times it came down to personal effort and self-sacrifice. One of my favorite sayings goes like this, running a business is like being an octopus, you juggle many things in parallel, or else you get crushed by competition. But you can't pay an equal amount of attention to those many things, or else you get crushed by mental pressure. The trick is to pay attention to one thing till it has a clear chance of success, keep a light touch on it, and move on to the next priority. Well I guess even the most mighty octopus only has 8 arms. 

For a while, there seemed to be so many things happening at once for my little trick to work. People come and go, leaving behind gaping holes for the ones behind. There was organizational restructuring done with the best intentions but butchered by unskilled execution or unpredictable future. We were practicing disaster recovery one day and rushed to put together a new product cluster the next. We were fixing carrier integrations for days just to have them broken down in a few hours. It's like being punched in the face, falling down, and before you can properly stand up, get another blow in the liver. I understand nobody wants to sign up for hardship, but at times, it feels incredibly lonely. 

With my stress high and my health in decline, I turned to computer games. I longed for a win to make up for the loss out there. But I always remember my loss more than my win and I keep coming back for more. This is not the way. I understand that much. I need the strength to get myself out of the swamp. The strength that vanishes before the end of a work day. There were meetings I sat through without my brain working.

I burned out before, big time, so bad that there wasn't anything left. I built everything again from scratch. I was out of job for 6 months and didn't regain my confidence for the next 2 years. Those 6 months were the best time of my life. I don't know if I can afford it this time. It is such a crucial moment in the life of Parcel Perform and I don't want to see everyone's effort in a decade turn into smoke. Past a certain point, life doesn't usually get harder, things just happen a lot faster. Like Tetris. This time though, getting myself out of a swamp while keeping on juggling might be the hardest challenge for me yet.

Oh and I am getting married next year. I am so happy that I have Vy in my life, through the high notes and the not-so-great ones. Seems to be a lot of work though. Heck, perhaps life does get harder and faster!